feat(image-pipeline): add wasm simd fallback backend scaffold

lib/image-pipeline/backend/backend-router.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   createWebglPreviewBackend,
   isWebglPreviewPipelineSupported,
 } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/webgl/webgl-backend";
+import { createWasmSimdBackend } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/wasm/wasm-backend";
 
 type BackendFallbackReason = "unsupported_api" | "flag_disabled" | "runtime_error";
 
@@ -249,6 +250,8 @@ type RolloutRouterState = {
   router: BackendRouter;
   webglAvailable: boolean;
   webglEnabled: boolean;
+  wasmAvailable: boolean;
+  wasmEnabled: boolean;
 };
 
 let cachedRolloutState: RolloutRouterState | null = null;
@@ -258,12 +261,15 @@ function getRolloutRouterState(): RolloutRouterState {
   const featureFlags = getBackendFeatureFlags();
   const capabilities = detectBackendCapabilities();
   const webglAvailable = capabilities.webgl;
+  const wasmAvailable = capabilities.wasmSimd;
   const webglEnabled = featureFlags.webglEnabled && !featureFlags.forceCpu;
+  const wasmEnabled = featureFlags.wasmEnabled && !featureFlags.forceCpu;
   const rolloutKey = JSON.stringify({
     forceCpu: featureFlags.forceCpu,
     webglEnabled: featureFlags.webglEnabled,
     wasmEnabled: featureFlags.wasmEnabled,
     webglAvailable,
+    wasmAvailable,
   });
 
   if (cachedRolloutState && cachedRolloutKey === rolloutKey) {
@@ -272,18 +278,25 @@ function getRolloutRouterState(): RolloutRouterState {
 
   cachedRolloutState = {
     router: createBackendRouter({
-      backends: [cpuBackend, createWebglPreviewBackend()],
-      defaultBackendId: "webgl",
+      backends: [cpuBackend, createWasmSimdBackend(), createWebglPreviewBackend()],
+      defaultBackendId:
+        webglEnabled && webglAvailable ? "webgl" : wasmEnabled && wasmAvailable ? "wasm" : CPU_BACKEND_ID,
       backendAvailability: {
         webgl: {
           supported: webglAvailable,
           enabled: webglEnabled,
         },
+        wasm: {
+          supported: wasmAvailable,
+          enabled: wasmEnabled,
+        },
       },
       featureFlags,
     }),
     webglAvailable,
     webglEnabled,
+    wasmAvailable,
+    wasmEnabled,
   };
   cachedRolloutKey = rolloutKey;
 
@@ -293,11 +306,15 @@ function getRolloutRouterState(): RolloutRouterState {
 export function getPreviewBackendHintForSteps(steps: readonly PreviewBackendRequest["step"][]): BackendHint {
   const rolloutState = getRolloutRouterState();
 
-  if (!rolloutState.webglEnabled || !rolloutState.webglAvailable) {
-    return CPU_BACKEND_ID;
+  if (rolloutState.webglEnabled && rolloutState.webglAvailable) {
+    return isWebglPreviewPipelineSupported(steps) ? "webgl" : CPU_BACKEND_ID;
   }
 
-  return isWebglPreviewPipelineSupported(steps) ? "webgl" : CPU_BACKEND_ID;
+  if (rolloutState.wasmEnabled && rolloutState.wasmAvailable) {
+    return "wasm";
+  }
+
+  return CPU_BACKEND_ID;
 }
 
 export function runPreviewStepWithBackendRouter(request: PreviewBackendRequest): void {

lib/image-pipeline/backend/capabilities.ts

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ type CapabilityProbes = {
   probeOffscreenCanvas: () => boolean;
 };
 
-const WASM_SIMD_PROBE_MODULE = new Uint8Array([
+export const WASM_SIMD_PROBE_MODULE = new Uint8Array([
   0x00,
   0x61,
   0x73,

lib/image-pipeline/backend/wasm/wasm-backend.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import type {
+  BackendPipelineRequest,
+  BackendStepRequest,
+  ImagePipelineBackend,
+} from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/backend-types";
+import {
+  loadWasmKernelModule,
+  type WasmKernelModule,
+} from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/wasm/wasm-loader";
+
+type WasmBackendOptions = {
+  loadModule?: () => WasmKernelModule;
+};
+
+export function createWasmSimdBackend(options?: WasmBackendOptions): ImagePipelineBackend {
+  const loadModule = options?.loadModule ?? loadWasmKernelModule;
+  let kernelModule: WasmKernelModule | null = null;
+
+  function ensureModule(): WasmKernelModule {
+    if (kernelModule) {
+      return kernelModule;
+    }
+
+    kernelModule = loadModule();
+    return kernelModule;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    id: "wasm",
+    runPreviewStep(request: BackendStepRequest): void {
+      ensureModule().applyPreviewStep(request);
+    },
+    runFullPipeline(request: BackendPipelineRequest): void {
+      ensureModule().applyFullPipeline(request);
+    },
+  };
+}

lib/image-pipeline/backend/wasm/wasm-loader.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import type {
+  BackendPipelineRequest,
+  BackendStepRequest,
+} from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/backend-types";
+import { WASM_SIMD_PROBE_MODULE } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/capabilities";
+import { applyPipelineStep, applyPipelineSteps } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/render-core";
+
+export type WasmKernelModule = {
+  applyPreviewStep: (request: BackendStepRequest) => void;
+  applyFullPipeline: (request: BackendPipelineRequest) => void;
+};
+
+let cachedModule: WasmKernelModule | null = null;
+
+function assertWasmSimdRuntimeSupport(): void {
+  if (typeof WebAssembly === "undefined") {
+    throw new Error("WebAssembly runtime is unavailable.");
+  }
+
+  if (typeof WebAssembly.validate !== "function") {
+    throw new Error("WebAssembly validation API is unavailable.");
+  }
+
+  if (!WebAssembly.validate(WASM_SIMD_PROBE_MODULE)) {
+    throw new Error("WebAssembly SIMD is unavailable.");
+  }
+
+  const module = new WebAssembly.Module(WASM_SIMD_PROBE_MODULE);
+  void new WebAssembly.Instance(module);
+}
+
+export function loadWasmKernelModule(): WasmKernelModule {
+  if (cachedModule) {
+    return cachedModule;
+  }
+
+  assertWasmSimdRuntimeSupport();
+
+  cachedModule = {
+    applyPreviewStep(request): void {
+      applyPipelineStep(
+        request.pixels,
+        request.step,
+        request.width,
+        request.height,
+        request.executionOptions,
+      );
+    },
+    applyFullPipeline(request): void {
+      applyPipelineSteps(
+        request.pixels,
+        request.steps,
+        request.width,
+        request.height,
+        request.executionOptions,
+      );
+    },
+  };
+
+  return cachedModule;
+}
+
+export function resetWasmKernelModuleCache(): void {
+  cachedModule = null;
+}

tests/image-pipeline/wasm-backend.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+
+import type { ImagePipelineBackend } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/backend-types";
+import { createBackendRouter } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/backend-router";
+import type { WasmKernelModule } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/wasm/wasm-loader";
+import { createWasmSimdBackend } from "@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/wasm/wasm-backend";
+
+function createStep() {
+  return {
+    nodeId: "n1",
+    type: "color-adjust",
+    params: {
+      hsl: {
+        hue: 0,
+        saturation: 0,
+        luminance: 0,
+      },
+      temperature: 0,
+      tint: 0,
+      vibrance: 0,
+    },
+  } as const;
+}
+
+function createCpuBackend(overrides?: {
+  preview?: ImagePipelineBackend["runPreviewStep"];
+  full?: ImagePipelineBackend["runFullPipeline"];
+}): ImagePipelineBackend {
+  return {
+    id: "cpu",
+    runPreviewStep: overrides?.preview ?? vi.fn(),
+    runFullPipeline: overrides?.full ?? vi.fn(),
+  };
+}
+
+describe("wasm backend rollout selection", () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules();
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+  });
+
+  it("selects wasm when webgl is unavailable and wasm simd is enabled + available", async () => {
+    vi.doMock("@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/feature-flags", async () => {
+      const actual = await vi.importActual("@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/feature-flags");
+      return {
+        ...actual,
+        getBackendFeatureFlags: () => ({
+          forceCpu: false,
+          webglEnabled: true,
+          wasmEnabled: true,
+        }),
+      };
+    });
+
+    vi.doMock("@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/capabilities", async () => {
+      const actual = await vi.importActual("@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/capabilities");
+      return {
+        ...actual,
+        detectBackendCapabilities: () => ({
+          webgl: false,
+          wasmSimd: true,
+          offscreenCanvas: false,
+        }),
+      };
+    });
+
+    const backendRouter = await import("@/lib/image-pipeline/backend/backend-router");
+
+    expect(backendRouter.getPreviewBackendHintForSteps([createStep()])).toBe("wasm");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("wasm backend fallback behavior", () => {
+  it("downgrades to cpu with runtime_error when wasm initialization fails", () => {
+    const fallbackEvents: Array<{
+      reason: string;
+      requestedBackend: string;
+      fallbackBackend: string;
+    }> = [];
+    const cpuPreview = vi.fn();
+    const cpuBackend = createCpuBackend({
+      preview: cpuPreview,
+    });
+    const wasmBackend = createWasmSimdBackend({
+      loadModule: () => {
+        throw new Error("wasm init failed");
+      },
+    });
+    const router = createBackendRouter({
+      backends: [cpuBackend, wasmBackend],
+      backendAvailability: {
+        wasm: {
+          supported: true,
+          enabled: true,
+        },
+      },
+      featureFlags: {
+        forceCpu: false,
+        webglEnabled: false,
+        wasmEnabled: true,
+      },
+      onFallback: (event) => {
+        fallbackEvents.push({
+          reason: event.reason,
+          requestedBackend: event.requestedBackend,
+          fallbackBackend: event.fallbackBackend,
+        });
+      },
+    });
+
+    router.runPreviewStep({
+      pixels: new Uint8ClampedArray(4),
+      step: createStep(),
+      width: 1,
+      height: 1,
+      backendHint: "wasm",
+    });
+
+    expect(cpuPreview).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(fallbackEvents).toEqual([
+      {
+        reason: "runtime_error",
+        requestedBackend: "wasm",
+        fallbackBackend: "cpu",
+      },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it("does not require SharedArrayBuffer or threads", () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal("SharedArrayBuffer", undefined);
+    vi.stubGlobal("Worker", undefined);
+
+    const module: WasmKernelModule = {
+      applyPreviewStep: vi.fn(),
+      applyFullPipeline: vi.fn(),
+    };
+
+    const backend = createWasmSimdBackend({
+      loadModule: () => module,
+    });
+
+    expect(() => {
+      backend.runPreviewStep({
+        pixels: new Uint8ClampedArray(4),
+        step: createStep(),
+        width: 1,
+        height: 1,
+      });
+    }).not.toThrow();
+    expect(module.applyPreviewStep).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});