# Migrations Component Reference

Complete guide to the
[`@convex-dev/migrations`](https://www.convex.dev/components/migrations)
component for batched, resumable Convex data migrations.

## Installation

```bash
npm install @convex-dev/migrations
```

## Setup

```typescript
// convex/convex.config.ts
import { defineApp } from "convex/server";
import migrations from "@convex-dev/migrations/convex.config.js";

const app = defineApp();
app.use(migrations);
export default app;
```

```typescript
// convex/migrations.ts
import { Migrations } from "@convex-dev/migrations";
import { components } from "./_generated/api.js";
import { DataModel } from "./_generated/dataModel.js";

export const migrations = new Migrations<DataModel>(components.migrations);
```

The `DataModel` type parameter is optional but provides type safety for
migration definitions.

## Define a Migration

The `migrateOne` function processes a single document. The component handles
batching and pagination automatically.

```typescript
// convex/migrations.ts
export const addDefaultRole = migrations.define({
  table: "users",
  migrateOne: async (ctx, user) => {
    if (user.role === undefined) {
      await ctx.db.patch(user._id, { role: "user" });
    }
  },
});
```

Shorthand: if you return an object, it is applied as a patch automatically.

```typescript
export const clearDeprecatedField = migrations.define({
  table: "users",
  migrateOne: () => ({ legacyField: undefined }),
});
```

## Run a Migration

From the CLI:

```bash
npx convex run migrations:addDefaultRole

# Pass --prod to run in production.
npx convex run migrations:addDefaultRole --prod
```

The migration exported by `migrations.define` is directly callable from the CLI
or dashboard. You do not need a separate one-off runner for normal single
migrations.

If you want a general-purpose runner that accepts a migration name, define one:

```typescript
export const run = migrations.runner();
```

Then call it with the full function name:

```bash
npx convex run migrations:run '{"fn": "migrations:addDefaultRole"}'
```

Programmatically from another Convex function:

```typescript
await migrations.runOne(ctx, internal.migrations.addDefaultRole);
```

## Run Multiple Migrations in Order

For a short ad hoc series, pass `next` when starting the first migration:

```bash
npx convex run migrations:addDefaultRole '{"next":["migrations:clearDeprecatedField","migrations:normalizeEmails"]}'
```

For a reusable series, define a runner:

```typescript
export const runAll = migrations.runner([
  internal.migrations.addDefaultRole,
  internal.migrations.clearDeprecatedField,
  internal.migrations.normalizeEmails,
]);
```

```bash
npx convex run migrations:runAll
```

If one fails, it stops and will not continue to the next. Call it again to retry
from where it left off. Completed migrations are skipped automatically.

Programmatically from another Convex function:

```typescript
await migrations.runSerially(ctx, [
  internal.migrations.addDefaultRole,
  internal.migrations.clearDeprecatedField,
  internal.migrations.normalizeEmails,
]);
```

## Dry Run

Test a migration before committing changes:

```bash
npx convex run migrations:addDefaultRole '{"dryRun": true}'
```

This runs one batch and then rolls back, so you can see what it would do without
changing any data.

## Restart a Migration

Pass `reset: true` to restart a migration from the beginning:

```bash
npx convex run migrations:addDefaultRole '{"reset": true}'
```

If you specify `next` or run a defined series, `reset: true` resets the cursor
for all migrations in the group.

## Check Migration Status

```bash
npx convex run --component migrations lib:getStatus --watch
```

## Cancel a Running Migration

```bash
npx convex run --component migrations lib:cancel '{"name": "migrations:addDefaultRole"}'
```

Or programmatically:

```typescript
await migrations.cancel(ctx, internal.migrations.addDefaultRole);
```

## Run Migrations on Deploy

Chain migration execution after deploying:

```bash
npx convex deploy --cmd 'npm run build' && npx convex run migrations:runAll --prod
```

## Configuration Options

### Custom Batch Size

If documents are large or the table has heavy write traffic, reduce the batch
size to avoid transaction limits or OCC conflicts:

```typescript
export const migrateHeavyTable = migrations.define({
  table: "largeDocuments",
  batchSize: 10,
  migrateOne: async (ctx, doc) => {
    // migration logic
  },
});
```

### Migrate a Subset Using an Index

Process only matching documents instead of the full table:

```typescript
export const fixEmptyNames = migrations.define({
  table: "users",
  customRange: (query) => query.withIndex("by_name", (q) => q.eq("name", "")),
  migrateOne: () => ({ name: "<unknown>" }),
});
```

### Parallelize Within a Batch

By default each document in a batch is processed serially. Enable parallel
processing if your migration logic does not depend on ordering:

```typescript
export const clearField = migrations.define({
  table: "myTable",
  parallelize: true,
  migrateOne: () => ({ optionalField: undefined }),
});
```